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(์˜ˆ๊ณ ) 4๏ธโƒฃ์›”์˜ ๋‰ด์Šค๋ ˆํ„ฐ!

๋‰ด์Šค๋ ˆํ„ฐ

๐Ÿ‡จ๐Ÿ‡ณ ํ›„์•ผ์˜ค๋ฐฉ, ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ฐœํ˜์˜ ์—”๋”ฉ ํฌ๋ ˆ๋”ง์„ ์žฅ์‹ํ•  ๋ป”ํ•œ ๋‚จ์ž

Foreign Affairs (2025 Jan/Feb), The Man Who Almost Changed China

2025.03.06 | ์กฐํšŒ 61 |
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ํ›‘์–ด๋ณด๋Š” ๊ตญ์ œ์ •์„ธ์˜ ํ”„๋กœํ•„ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€

ํ›‘์–ด๋ณด๋Š” ๊ตญ์ œ์ •์„ธ

Foreign Affairs ๋ฅผ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ตญ์ œ์ •์น˜ ๋‰ด์Šค๋ฅผ ํ›‘์–ด๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๐ŸŒ ์›น์—์„œ ๋ณด๊ธฐ ๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด
๋” ๊น”๋”ํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ์ฝ์œผ์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”!

 

[ํ›‘์–ด๋ณด๋Š” ๊ตญ์ œ์ •์„ธ] 3์›” ์ฒซ์งธ์ฃผ ๋ชฉ์š”์ผ ๋ฆฌํฌํŠธ

 

The Man Who Almost Changed China : 

Hu Yaobang and the Unfinished Business of Reform and Opening

Foreign Affairs (2025 Jan/Feb), The Man Who Almost Changed China
Foreign Affairs (2025 Jan/Feb), The Man Who Almost Changed China

 

๐ŸŒ ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์ด ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”?

 

๐Ÿฎ ๋ฌธํ™”๋Œ€ํ˜๋ช…, ํ˜๋ช…์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋นŒ๋ฆฐ ๋Œ€ํ˜ผ๋ž€

1966๋…„, ๋งˆ์˜ค์ฉŒ๋‘ฅ์€ โ€œ์ง„์งœ ํ˜๋ช…์€ ์ง€๊ธˆ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ!โ€๋ผ๋Š” ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋ฉฐ ๋ฌธํ™”๋Œ€ํ˜๋ช…์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”. ๊ฒ‰์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜ ์ˆœ์ˆ˜์„ฑ์„ ์ง€ํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ๋งˆ์˜ค ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์„ ๋˜์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์Šน๋ถ€์ˆ˜์˜€์ฃ . ํ™์œ„๋ณ‘์ด๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์—ดํ˜ˆ ์ฒญ๋…„๋“ค์ด ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ์Ÿ์•„์ ธ ๋‚˜์™€ โ€˜๋ฐ˜๋™๋ถ„์žโ€™ ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅ์— ๋‚˜์„ฐ๊ณ , ์ง€์‹์ธ๋“ค์€ ๊ฐ•์ œ๋กœ ์‹œ๊ณจ๋กœ ์ซ“๊ฒจ๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "๋…ธ๋™์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‚ฌ์ƒ์„ ๊ฐœ์กฐํ•˜๋ผ!"๋Š” ๊ตฌํ˜ธ ์•„๋ž˜ ๋ง ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์‚ฝ์งˆํ•˜๋Š” ์‹ ์„ธ๊ฐ€ ๋œ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .

๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ? 10๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ํ˜ผ๋ž€์— ๋น ์กŒ์–ด์š”. ์ „ํ†ต๋ฌธํ™”๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ฐจ ์—†์ด ํŒŒ๊ดด๋๊ณ , ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด โ€˜๋ฐ˜ํ˜๋ช…๋ถ„์žโ€™๋กœ ๋ชฐ๋ ค ๋ชฉ์ˆจ์„ ์žƒ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งค์žฅ๋์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณต์žฅ๊ณผ ๋Œ€ํ•™์€ ๋ฉˆ์ถฐ ์„ฐ๊ณ , ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋„ ์—‰๋ง์ง„์ฐฝ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์ฃ . ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒŒ 1976๋…„ ๋งˆ์˜ค์ฉŒ๋‘ฅ์ด ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ๋– ๋‚œ ๋’ค์—์„œ์•ผ ๋๋‚ฌ์–ด์š”. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ์ƒ์ฒ˜๋Š” ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋ฌผ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ณ , ์ดํ›„ ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ธธ์„ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ํ๋ฆ„์„ ์ฃผ๋„ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ฉ์ƒค์˜คํ•‘๊ณผ ํ›„์•ผ์˜ค๋ฐฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋˜๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ๊ฐœํ˜ ๋™๋ฃŒ๋“ค์ด์—ˆ์–ด์š”.

 

๐Ÿ“ˆ ๊ฐœํ˜๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ, ๋‹ซํžŒ ๋ฌธ์„ ํ™œ์ง ์—ด๋‹ค

๋ฌธํ™”๋Œ€ํ˜๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ํ”ผํํ•ด์ง„ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ฅผ ์‚ด๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด 1978๋…„ ๋ฉ์ƒค์˜คํ•‘์ด ์นผ์„ ๋นผ ๋“ค์—ˆ์–ด์š”. "๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜๋ณด๋‹จ ์ž˜์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ๋‚ซ๋‹ค!"๋ผ๋Š” ํ˜„์‹ค์ ์ธ ํŒ๋‹จ ์•„๋ž˜, ์‹œ์žฅ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐœํ˜๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ ์ •์ฑ…์ด ์‹œ์ž‘๋์ฃ . ๊ทธ ์ฒซ ์‹คํ—˜์žฅ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์„ ์ „(ๆทฑๅœณ)์ด์—ˆ์–ด์š”. ์กฐ๊ทธ๋งŒ ์–ด์ดŒ ๋งˆ์„์ด ๋‹จ์ˆจ์— โ€˜๊ฒฝ์ œํŠน๊ตฌโ€™๋กœ ์ง€์ •๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์™ธ๊ตญ ์ž๋ณธ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์œ ์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฐฝ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋œ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.

์ดํ›„ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋Š” ๋ฏธ์นœ ๋“ฏ์ด ์„ฑ์žฅํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ์˜๊ธฐ์—…์„ ๊ฐœํ˜ํ•˜๊ณ , ์™ธ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์—…์„ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ๋“ค์ด๊ณ , ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด โ€˜ํ† ์ง€ ์‚ฌ์œ ํ™”โ€™ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜์  ์š”์†Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ์‚ด์ง ๊ฐ€๋ฏธํ–ˆ์ฃ . ๋•๋ถ„์— ์ˆ˜์–ต ๋ช…์ด ๋นˆ๊ณค์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚ฌ๊ณ , ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ โ€˜์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ๊ณต์žฅโ€™์œผ๋กœ ์ž๋ฆฌ ์žก์•˜์–ด์š”. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์„ฑ์žฅํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก, โ€œ์ •์น˜๋Š” ์–ธ์ œ ๊ฐœํ˜ํ•  ๊ฑด๋ฐ?โ€๋ผ๋Š” ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ด ๋‚˜์˜ค๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๋ฒˆ์˜๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ๋ถˆ๋งŒ์„ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ž ์žฌ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.

 

โš–๏ธ ๊ฐœํ˜ํŒŒ vs. ๋ณด์ˆ˜ํŒŒ, ๋์—†๋Š” ์ค„๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ

์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ณต์‚ฐ๋‹น ๋‚ด๋ถ€์—์„œ๋„ ์ด ๊ฐœํ˜์„ ์–ด๋””๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฐ€๊ณ  ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์•ผ ํ• ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋‘๊ณ  ์น˜์—ดํ•œ ์‹ธ์›€์ด ๋ฒŒ์–ด์กŒ์–ด์š”. ํ•œ์ชฝ์—๋Š” ํ›„์•ผ์˜ค๋ฐฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋˜๋Š” โ€œ์ •์น˜๋„ ๊ฐœํ˜ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค!โ€๊ณ  ์™ธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฐœํ˜ํŒŒ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์ชฝ์—๋Š” โ€œ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋Š” ์ข€ ํ’€์–ด์ฃผ๋”๋ผ๋„, ๋‹น์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์€ ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ์–‘๋ณด ๋ชป ํ•ด!โ€๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณด์ˆ˜ํŒŒ๊ฐ€ ๋ฒ„ํ‹ฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .

์ฒ˜์Œ์—” ๊ฐœํ˜ํŒŒ๊ฐ€ ์•ž์„œ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋“ฏํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ฉ์ƒค์˜คํ•‘์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ •์น˜์  ๊ฐœํ˜์—๋Š” ์„ ์„ ๊ธ‹๋Š” ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์šธ์—ˆ์–ด์š”. โ€œ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๊ฐœํ˜์€ OK, ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๋Š” ์•ˆ ๋ผ!โ€๋ผ๋Š” ์ž…์žฅ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ . ํ›„์•ผ์˜ค๋ฐฉ์€ ๋” ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ด ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ณด์ˆ˜ํŒŒ์˜ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฉ์— ๋ฐ€๋ ค ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ 1987๋…„ ์‹ค๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ง™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์€ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์–ด์š”. 1989๋…„ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ฃฝ์Œ์ด ๊ฐœํ˜์„ ๊ฐ„์ ˆํžˆ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋˜ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์„ ์ž๊ทนํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๊ณง ํ†ˆ์•ˆ๋จผ(์ฒœ์•ˆ๋ฌธ) ๋ฏผ์ฃผํ™” ์‹œ์œ„๋ฅผ ์ด‰๋ฐœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

 

๐ŸŒ ์ง€๊ธˆ ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ์–ด๋””์ฏค ์™€ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ?

๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ํ˜๋Ÿฌ 21์„ธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์–ด์š”. ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ์„ธ๊ณ„ 2์œ„ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๋Œ€๊ตญ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ฐœ์ „๊ณผ ์ธํ”„๋ผ ํ™•์žฅ์€ ๋ˆˆ๋ถ€์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฐœํ˜๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์˜ ์—ฌ์ •์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋œจ๊ฑฐ์› ๋˜ ๋…ผ์Ÿ, ์ฆ‰ ์ •์น˜ ๊ฐœํ˜์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋ฏธ์™„์˜ ๊ณผ์ œ๋กœ ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ์–ด์š”. ๊ฐœํ˜ํŒŒ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋˜ ๋” ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์ ์ธ ์ •์น˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์žก์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์ง€๊ธˆ์˜ ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ํ†ต์ œ์™€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์„ฑ์žฅ ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ๊ท ํ˜•์„ ๋งž์ถฐ๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .

์ด์ œ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด, ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ํ๋ฆ„ ์†์—์„œ ํ›„์•ผ์˜ค๋ฐฉ์ด ์–ด๋–ค ๊ธธ์„ ๊ฑธ์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ์˜ ๋น„์ „์ด ์ง€๊ธˆ์˜ ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ณผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋” ๊นŠ์ด ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”. ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋˜ โ€˜๊ฐœํ˜์˜ ๋งˆ๋ฌด๋ฆฌโ€™๊ฐ€ ์•„์ง๋„ ๋๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ฑ„, ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๊ทธ๋•Œ์˜ ์„ ํƒ๊ณผ ์”จ๋ฆ„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๐Ÿšฆ

 

๐Ÿ‘จโ€๐Ÿซ ์ €์ž๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?

 

์ฒธ ์ง€์•ค (Chen Jian)

์ฒธ ์ง€์•ค์€ ๋‰ด์š•๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์ƒํ•˜์ด(NYU Shanghai)์™€ ํ™”๋™์‚ฌ๋ฒ”๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต(East China Normal University)์—์„œ ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ์—ญ์‚ฌ, ๊ฒฝ์ œ, ๋ฌธํ™” ์„ผํ„ฐ์žฅ์„ ๋งก๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ญ์‚ฌํ•™์ž์˜ˆ์š”. ๋ƒ‰์ „์‚ฌ, ์ค‘๋ฏธ ๊ด€๊ณ„, ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์ค‘๊ตญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์šฐ๋“œ๋กœ ์œŒ์Šจ ๊ตญ์ œ ํ•™์ž ์„ผํ„ฐ(Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars) ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ํŽ ๋กœ์šฐ๋กœ๋„ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋Œ€ํ‘œ ์ €์„œ๋กœ Chinaโ€™s Road to the Korean War (1994), Maoโ€™s China and the Cold War (2001)์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, 2024๋…„์—๋Š” ์ €์šฐ์–ธ๋ผ์ด์˜ ์ „๊ธฐ Zhou Enlai: A Life๋ฅผ ์ถœ๊ฐ„ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”. ์ด ์ฑ…์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ €์šฐ์–ธ๋ผ์ด๋ฅผ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ๋งˆ์˜ค์ฉŒ๋‘ฅ์˜ ์กฐ๋ ฅ์ž๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์ค‘๊ตญ ํ˜„๋Œ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•œ ๋…์ž์ ์ธ ์ •์น˜๊ฐ€์ด์ž ์™ธ๊ต๊ฐ€๋กœ ์žฌ์กฐ๋ช…ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”. ๋งˆ์˜ค์˜ ๊ธ‰์ง„์  ์ •์ฑ…์„ ์™„ํ™”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ํ–‰์ • ์ฒด๊ณ„์™€ ์™ธ๊ต ์ „๋žต์„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•œ ์ธ๋ฌผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ . ๊ทธ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ ํ˜๋ช…๊ณผ ๋ƒ‰์ „๊ธฐ ๊ตญ์ œ ์งˆ์„œ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊นŠ์ด ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ํฐ ๋„์›€์„ ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

 

โœ… ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ 3์ค„ ์š”์•ฝ์€?

 

1๏ธโƒฃ ํ›„์•ผ์˜ค๋ฐฉ์€ ๋ฉ์ƒค์˜คํ•‘๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ฐœํ˜ยท๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ ์ •์ฑ…์„ ์ฃผ๋„ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๋ฐœ์ „์„ ๋„์™”์ง€๋งŒ, ์ •์น˜ ๊ฐœํ˜๊นŒ์ง€ ์ถ”์ง„ํ•˜๋ ค๋‹ค ๋‹น ์ง€๋„๋ถ€์™€ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์„ ๋นš๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์‹ค๊ฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค.

2๏ธโƒฃ 1989๋…„ ๊ทธ์˜ ๊ฐ‘์ž‘์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ์ฃฝ์Œ์€ ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ „์—ญ์˜ ๋ฏผ์ฃผํ™” ์‹œ์œ„๋ฅผ ์ด‰๋ฐœํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ํ†ˆ์•ˆ๋จผ ์‚ฌํƒœ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ ธ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ณต์‚ฐ๋‹น์ด ์ •์น˜ ๊ฐœํ˜์„ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋ด‰์‡„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.

3๏ธโƒฃ ํ˜„์žฌ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋‘”ํ™”๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ํ›„์•ผ์˜ค๋ฐฉ์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ •์น˜ ๊ฐœํ˜์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์ด ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ œ๊ธฐ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ–ฅํ›„ ์ค‘๊ตญ์ด ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ๋ถˆ๋งŒ์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฃฐ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์•ˆ์ •๊ณผ ๋Œ€์™ธ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.

 

๐Ÿคท ๋ญ˜ ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๊ฑด๋ฐ?

 

์ด ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์ €์ž๋Š” "์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์„ฑ์žฅ์€ ์ •์น˜ ๊ฐœํ˜ ์—†์ด๋Š” ์ง€์†๋  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ํ›„์•ผ์˜ค๋ฐฉ์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ„ฐ์งˆ ๊ฒƒ"์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ›„์•ผ์˜ค๋ฐฉ์€ ๋ฉ์ƒค์˜คํ•‘๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ฐœํ˜๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์„ ์ด๋Œ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์„ฑ์žฅ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์•ˆ์ •์ด ๋ณด์žฅ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ดค์–ด์š”. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ •์น˜ ๊ฐœํ˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‹น์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ๋ฅผ ๋Š˜๋ ค์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ฉ์ƒค์˜คํ•‘๊ณผ ๋…ธ์„  ์ฐจ์ด๋กœ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ถ•์ถœ๋์ฃ . ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋งํ•˜์ž ์ค‘๊ตญ ์‚ฌํšŒ์— ์Œ“์—ฌ ์žˆ๋˜ ๋ถˆ๋งŒ์ด ํ†ˆ์•ˆ๋จผ ๊ด‘์žฅ์—์„œ ํญ๋ฐœํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ €์ž๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ์˜ ์ค‘๊ตญ์ด ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ›„์•ผ์˜ค๋ฐฉ์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ทธ ์‹œ์ ์— ์™€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.

 

๐Ÿ“œ ํ›„์•ผ์˜ค๋ฐฉ, ์ค‘๊ตญํŒ โ€˜์žŠํžŒ ์˜์›…โ€™

ํ›„์•ผ์˜ค๋ฐฉ์€ ๋ฉ์ƒค์˜คํ•‘ ์‹œ๋Œ€ ๊ฐœํ˜๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ ์ธ๋ฌผ์ด์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋„ ์˜์™ธ๋กœ ๋งŽ์ด ์žŠํ˜€์ง„ ์ธ๋ฌผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์˜ค์ฉŒ๋‘ฅ ์‚ฌํ›„ ํ˜ผ๋ž€๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์Šตํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ฐœํ˜๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์„ ์ด๋Œ์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ค‘๊ตญ์„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฐ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ ์ธ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ–ˆ์ฃ . ๊ทธ๋Š” ํŠนํžˆ ๋ฌธํ™”๋Œ€ํ˜๋ช… ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ์–ต์šธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ˆ™์ฒญ๋œ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ๋งŒ ๋ช…์˜ ๋‹น์›๊ณผ ์ง€์‹์ธ์„ ๋ณต๊ถŒ์‹œ์ผœ, ์ค‘๊ตญ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ •์ƒํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์•ž์žฅ์„ฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์‹ ๋…์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์„ฑ์žฅ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ •์น˜ ๊ฐœํ˜์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ฒด์ œ์˜ ์ •๋‹น์„ฑ ํ™•๋ณด์˜€์–ด์š”. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ณต์‚ฐ๋‹น์ด ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์—๊ฒŒ ๋” ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์ ์ด์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์  ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋„์ž…ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์—ˆ์ฃ .

ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ์˜ ๊ฐœํ˜์  ํƒœ๋„๋Š” ๋‹น๋‚ด ๋ณด์ˆ˜ ์„ธ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์ ์  ์ถฉ๋Œํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฉ์ƒค์˜คํ•‘๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ฐœํ˜์„ ์ถ”์ง„ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ฉ์€ ์ฒ ์ €ํžˆ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์„ฑ์žฅ์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ํ›„์•ผ์˜ค๋ฐฉ์€ "๊ฒฝ์ œ๋งŒ ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉด ๋ญํ•˜๋ƒ, ์ •์น˜๋„ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค"๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ์–ด์š”. ์ด ์ฐจ์ด ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํ›„์•ผ์˜ค๋ฐฉ์€ ์ ์ฐจ ๋‹น ์ง€๋„๋ถ€์—์„œ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ 1987๋…„ ๋ฉ์ƒค์˜คํ•‘๊ณผ ๋‹น ์›๋กœ๋“ค์˜ ์••๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์„œ๊ธฐ ์ž๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ๋ฌผ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜์•ผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์€ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ณ , 1989๋…„ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋งํ•˜์ž, ์ Š์€ ์„ธ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏผ์ฃผํ™”๋ฅผ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹œ์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

 

๐Ÿ”ฅ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๊ฐœํ˜์€ ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ •์น˜ ๊ฐœํ˜์€ ์–ด๋”” ๊ฐ”์–ด?

๋ฉ์ƒค์˜คํ•‘์ด ์ฃผ๋„ํ•œ ๊ฐœํ˜๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ ์ •์ฑ…์€ ์ค‘๊ตญ์„ ์„ธ๊ณ„ 2์œ„ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๋Œ€๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ํ›„์•ผ์˜ค๋ฐฉ์ด ๊ฐ•์กฐํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ •์น˜ ๊ฐœํ˜์€ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์„ฑ์žฅ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ค‘๊ตญ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋Š” ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ถ€์ •๋ถ€ํŒจ, ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ, ํ‘œํ˜„์˜ ์ž์œ  ์ œํ•œ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”. ํ›„์•ผ์˜ค๋ฐฉ์€ "์ง„์งœ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์ด ์ž์œ ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‚˜๋ผ"๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ๋” ํ†ต์ œ์ ์ธ ์ฒด์ œ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

ํŠนํžˆ ๊ฐœํ˜๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ ์ดํ›„ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ธ‰์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ณต์‚ฐ๋‹น์€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ •๋‹น์„ฑ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์‚ผ์•„์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ณต์‚ฐ๋‹น์ด๊ธด ํ•œ๋ฐ, ์ž˜ ๋จน๊ณ  ์ž˜์‚ด๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ฃผ์ž–์•„?"๋ผ๋Š” ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์ฃ . ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด ๋ชจ๋ธ์—๋Š” ํฐ ์•ฝ์ ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์„ฑ์žฅ์ด ๋‘”ํ™”๋˜๋ฉด ๋‹น์˜ ์ •๋‹น์„ฑ๋„ ํ”๋“ค๋ฆด ์ˆ˜๋ฐ–์— ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด์ฃ . ํ›„์•ผ์˜ค๋ฐฉ์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ธˆ ์ค‘๊ตญ์—์„œ ํ˜„์‹ค๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

 

๐Ÿ’ฐ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์„ฑ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฑธ ๋ฎ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ?

์ค‘๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ๊ทธ๋™์•ˆ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์ •๋‹น์„ฑ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•ด์™”์–ด์š”. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ตœ๊ทผ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋‘”ํ™”๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ€๋™์‚ฐ ์‹œ์žฅ ์œ„๊ธฐ, ์ฒญ๋…„ ์‹ค์—…๋ฅ  ์ฆ๊ฐ€, ์™ธ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค์˜ ํƒˆ์ค‘๊ตญ ์›€์ง์ž„ ๋“ฑ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๋ถˆ์•ˆ ์š”์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์ ์  ์ปค์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”. ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์—๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์–ด๋„ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์„ฑ์žฅ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด์ œ๋Š” ๋” ์ด์ƒ ๊ทธ ์นด๋“œ๊ฐ€ ํ†ตํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒŒ ๋์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

ํ›„์•ผ์˜ค๋ฐฉ์ด ๊ฐ•์กฐํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ •์น˜ ๊ฐœํ˜์€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ์—ด์‡ ๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ค‘๊ตญ์ด ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์„ฑ์žฅ ์™ธ์—๋„ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋“ค์ด ์ •์น˜์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•  ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ณ , ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ถˆ๋งŒ์„ ์ œ๋„์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์†Œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ๋งˆ๋ จํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ง€๊ธˆ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์œ„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฒช์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์–ด์š”. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฉ์ƒค์˜คํ•‘ ์ดํ›„ ์ง€๋„๋ถ€๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์„ฑ์žฅ๋งŒ์„ ์ตœ์šฐ์„ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ •์น˜ ๊ฐœํ˜์„ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ๋ฐฉ์น˜ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ง€๊ธˆ ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์„ ์•ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

 

๐Ÿšจ ํ›„์•ผ์˜ค๋ฐฉ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ , ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋Œ์•„์˜ค๋‹ค

์ง€๊ธˆ ์ค‘๊ตญ์ด ์ง๋ฉดํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์€ ํ›„์•ผ์˜ค๋ฐฉ์ด ์˜ˆ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์„ฑ์žฅ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋ ค ํ•˜๋ฉด, ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ถˆ๋งŒ์ด ์ ์  ์Œ“์ด๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ , ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์–ด๋Š ์ˆœ๊ฐ„ ํญ๋ฐœํ•  ์ˆ˜๋ฐ–์— ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ . 1989๋…„ ํ†ˆ์•ˆ๋จผ ์‚ฌํƒœ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ๋ฏผ์ฃผํ™” ์š”๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ๊ฐœํ˜๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ ์ดํ›„ ์Œ“์—ฌ์˜จ ์ •์น˜์ ยท์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ถˆ๋งŒ์ด ํ„ฐ์ ธ ๋‚˜์˜จ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ง€๊ธˆ ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ๋˜ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ๊ทธ๋•Œ์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๊ตญ๋ฉด์— ์ ‘์–ด๋“ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.

ํŠนํžˆ ์‹œ์ง„ํ•‘์ด ์ง‘๊ถŒํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ์ •์น˜ ๊ฐœํ˜์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ํ†ต์ œ ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋กœ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ์žก์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์ด ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ์žฅ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ , ์™ธ๋ถ€ ์„ธ๊ณ„์™€์˜ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์ด ์‹ฌํ™”๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์˜ ๋ถˆ๋งŒ๋„ ์ ์  ์ปค์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”. ํ›„์•ผ์˜ค๋ฐฉ์ด ์ƒ์ „์— ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋˜ "์ •์น˜ ๊ฐœํ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์„ฑ์žฅ"์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ์ง€๊ธˆ ๋ผˆ์ €๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ์ฒด๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์„์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ, ์ค‘๊ตญ์ด ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•ˆ์ •๋˜๋ ค๋ฉด ํ›„์•ผ์˜ค๋ฐฉ์ด ๋‚จ๊ธด ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ๋˜์ƒˆ๊ฒจ์•ผ ํ•  ๋•Œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

 

๐Ÿ“– ์ฝ์€ ํ‹ฐ๋Š” ๋‚ด๋ณด์ž!

์•„์˜ˆ ์•ˆ ์ฝ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์• ๋งคํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ ์š”? ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ค‘์š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐœ์ทŒํ•ด ๋“œ๋ฆด๊ฒŒ์š”! ๐Ÿ˜†

 

๐Ÿ”ฅ ๋ฉ์ƒค์˜คํ•‘์˜ ๊ฐœํ˜์„ ์ด๋ˆ ์ˆจ์€ ์ธ๋ฌผ, ํ›„์•ผ์˜ค๋ฐฉ

"One of the most consequential events of the twentieth century was Chinaโ€™s historic turn, in the years after Mao Zedongโ€™s death in 1976, toward a sweeping program of reform. By relaxing the stateโ€™s grip on the economy and its control over society in this period, Deng Xiaoping, Chinaโ€™s paramount leader from 1978 to 1989, helped put in motion the forces that would in mere decades pull hundreds of millions of people out of absolute poverty, transform China into the workshop of the world, and set it up as a great power in the twenty-first centuryโ€”the only plausible rival to the United States. Although Deng led this process, he was aided at the time by the advice and work of a less heralded leader, Hu Yaobang."


 

20์„ธ๊ธฐ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” 1976๋…„ ๋งˆ์˜ค์ฉŒ๋‘ฅ ์‚ฌ๋ง ์ดํ›„ ์ค‘๊ตญ์ด ๋Œ€๋Œ€์ ์ธ ๊ฐœํ˜ ์ •์ฑ…์„ ์ถ”์ง„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฉ์ƒค์˜คํ•‘์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์™€ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ•๋„๋ฅผ ์™„ํ™”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ˆ˜์–ต ๋ช…์„ ์ ˆ๋Œ€์  ๋นˆ๊ณค์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ค‘๊ตญ์„ โ€˜์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ๊ณต์žฅโ€™์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€๋ชจ์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉฐ, 21์„ธ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ๋งž์„ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ ์ผํ•œ ๊ฐ•๋Œ€๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ์ž๋ฆฌ ์žก๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฐœํ˜์„ ์ฃผ๋„ํ•œ ์ธ๋ฌผ์€ ๋ฉ์ƒค์˜คํ•‘์ด์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์กฐ์–ธ๊ณผ ์‹ค๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋œ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ์ง€๋„์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ํ›„์•ผ์˜ค๋ฐฉ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.

 

๐Ÿ“œ ์ฒญ๋…„ ํ›„์•ผ์˜ค๋ฐฉ, ํ˜๋ช…์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋“ค๋‹ค

"Hu was an idealist, an honest, sincere, and candid man, as described by many who knew him and worked with him. He was born in 1915 into a poor but educated peasant family in Hunan Province. With the support of his parents, he received a good early education, albeit in tough circumstances; for several years, he had to walk 12 miles of rugged mountainous trails every day to school. At the age of 14, he joined the Communist Youth League, the youth wing of the CCP, and joined the fight."

 

ํ›„์•ผ์˜ค๋ฐฉ์€ ์ด์ƒ์ฃผ์˜์ž์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด์—์„œ ๋ณธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์ •์งํ•˜๊ณ  ์„ฑ์‹คํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์†”์งํ•œ ์ธ๋ฌผ๋กœ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” 1915๋…„ ํ›„๋‚œ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ต์œก์„ ์ค‘์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๋†๋ฏผ ๊ฐ€์ •์—์„œ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋‹˜์˜ ์ง€์› ๋•๋ถ„์— ์–ด๋ฆฐ ์‹œ์ ˆ ๋น„๊ต์  ์ข‹์€ ๊ต์œก์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์€ ์‰ฝ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ช‡ ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋งค์ผ 12๋งˆ์ผ(์•ฝ 19km)์˜ ํ—˜ํ•œ ์‚ฐ๊ธธ์„ ๊ฑธ์–ด์„œ ๋“ฑ๊ตํ•ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” 14์„ธ ๋•Œ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ณต์‚ฐ๋‹น ์ฒญ๋…„๋‹จ์— ๊ฐ€์ž…ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋ณธ๊ฒฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜๋ช…์˜ ๊ธธ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด์„ฐ๋‹ค.

 

๐ŸŒ ๋ฉ์ƒค์˜คํ•‘๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ›„์•ผ์˜ค๋ฐฉ์˜ ์ •์น˜๊ฐœํ˜ ๋น„์ „

"Huโ€™s key insight was that economic growth was not enough to power the Chinese state; without the legitimacy afforded by political reform and democratization, China would experience turbulence in its modernization and development. Chinese leaders may believe they have found a way to break that connection, but there is good reason to think that Hu will be proved rightโ€”and that ultimately, as they deal with a faltering economy and mounting discontent, they will have no choice but to confront Huโ€™s warning."

 

ํ›„์•ผ์˜ค๋ฐฉ์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ ์ธ ํ†ต์ฐฐ์€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์„ฑ์žฅ์ด ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „์„ ๋ณด์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ์ถฉ๋ถ„์กฐ๊ฑด์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ •์น˜ ๊ฐœํ˜๊ณผ ๋ฏผ์ฃผํ™”๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ํ˜„๋Œ€ํ™”์™€ ๋ฐœ์ „ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ํ•„์—ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜ผ๋ž€์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ฏฟ์Œ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ง€๋„๋ถ€๋Š” ์ด ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ๋Š์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ฐพ์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ›„์•ผ์˜ค๋ฐฉ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ๋Š” ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์œ ํšจํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋‘”ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ถˆ๋งŒ์ด ์ปค์ง€๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ, ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ง€๋„๋ถ€๋Š” ํ›„์•ผ์˜ค๋ฐฉ์ด ์ œ๊ธฐํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์™€ ๋งˆ์ฃผํ•  ์ˆ˜๋ฐ–์— ์—†์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.

 

โš” ํ…์•ˆ๋จผ ์‚ฌํƒœ์™€ ํ›„์•ผ์˜ค๋ฐฉ์˜ ์œ ์‚ฐ

"When Hu died, in April 1989, students in Beijingโ€”and then citizens from all walks of lifeโ€”quickly turned the mourning of him into a powerful public demonstration of their frustration and anger at the lack of political reform and widespread corruption. Protesters flooded Tiananmen Square in Beijing. What followed became a defining moment in Chinaโ€™s history. On June 4, Deng and other CCP elders ordered troops to crack down on students and other demonstrators, resulting in the bloody tragedy that shocked the world."

 

1989๋…„ 4์›” ํ›„์•ผ์˜ค๋ฐฉ์ด ์‚ฌ๋งํ•˜์ž, ๋ฒ ์ด์ง•์˜ ๋Œ€ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์• ๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋„˜์–ด ์ •์น˜ ๊ฐœํ˜์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์€ ํ˜„์‹ค๊ณผ ๋งŒ์—ฐํ•œ ๋ถ€ํŒจ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ„๋…ธ๋ฅผ ํ‘œ์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ์‹œ์œ„๋กœ ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค๊นŒ์ง€ ํ•ฉ์„ธํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์ธํŒŒ๊ฐ€ ๋ฒ ์ด์ง• ํ†ˆ์•ˆ๋จผ ๊ด‘์žฅ์— ์ง‘๊ฒฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์€ ์ค‘๊ตญ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ ์ธ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ๋‚จ์•˜๋‹ค. 6์›” 4์ผ, ๋ฉ์ƒค์˜คํ•‘๊ณผ ๊ณต์‚ฐ๋‹น ์›๋กœ๋“ค์€ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋™์›ํ•ด ์‹œ์œ„๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋ฌด๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„์••ํ•˜๋ผ๋Š” ๋ช…๋ น์„ ๋‚ด๋ ธ๊ณ , ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์— ๋น ๋œจ๋ฆฐ ์œ ํ˜ˆ ์ฐธ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฒŒ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค.

 

๐Ÿšจ ํ›„์•ผ์˜ค๋ฐฉ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ๋Š” ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์œ ํšจํ•œ๊ฐ€?

"More than four decades after the launch of the reform and opening-up project, China is now at another inflection point. Its economic growth during the reform era was extraordinary, and by 2010 it had become the second-largest economy in the world. That success has many causes, but one of the most important factors is that China in the era of reform and opening enjoyed a long peace; guided by the likes of Hu, it strove to craft amicable relations with the outside world and avoid confrontation, particularly with the United States. But the other vision of political reformโ€”Huโ€™s visionโ€”is decidedly unfulfilled. The CCP remains entrenched in Beijing. The prospect of a political system with greater checks and balances seems distant."

 

๊ฐœํ˜ยท๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ ์ •์ฑ…์ด ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ ์ง€ 40๋…„์ด ๋„˜์€ ์ง€๊ธˆ, ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ „ํ™˜์ ์„ ๋งž์ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœํ˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€ ๋™์•ˆ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์„ฑ์žฅ์€ ๋†€๋ผ์› ์œผ๋ฉฐ, 2010๋…„์—๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„ 2์œ„ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๋Œ€๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ฌ๋ผ์„ฐ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์„ฑ๊ณต์—๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์š”์ธ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ์ด ๊ฐœํ˜ยท๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ ์‹œ๋Œ€ ๋™์•ˆ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ค๋žœ ํ‰ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ˆ„๋ ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ํ›„์•ผ์˜ค๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ง€๋„์ž๋“ค์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ ์•„๋ž˜ ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ์™ธ๊ต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์™ธ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์šฐํ˜ธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ , ํŠนํžˆ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ฆฝ์„ ํ”ผํ•˜๋ ค ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ›„์•ผ์˜ค๋ฐฉ์ด ๊ฟˆ๊ฟจ๋˜ ์ •์น˜ ๊ฐœํ˜์˜ ๋น„์ „์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์‹คํ˜„๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ณต์‚ฐ๋‹น์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋ฒ ์ด์ง•์—์„œ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ •์น˜ ์ฒด์ œ ๋‚ด ๊ฒฌ์ œ์™€ ๊ท ํ˜•์ด ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์€ ์ ์  ๋ฉ€์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.

 

๐Ÿคจ ์ด๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ฏฟ์–ด๋„ ๋ ๊นŒ?

๊ธฐ์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜๋ฐ•์ด๋‚˜ ๊ณ ๋ฏผ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์‹œ๊ฐ์—์„œ ์กฐ๋งํ•ด๋ณผ๊นŒ์š”?

 

๐Ÿ”ฅ ํ›„์•ผ์˜ค๋ฐฉ์ด ์ •๋ง ์œ ์ผํ•œ ๊ฐœํ˜์˜ ํฌ๋ง์ด์—ˆ์„๊นŒ?

๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋Š” ํ›„์•ผ์˜ค๋ฐฉ์ด ์ •์น˜ ๊ฐœํ˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ค‘๊ตญ์„ ๋”์šฑ ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ์ธ๋ฌผ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ํ˜„์‹ค์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๋ฏผ์ฃผํ™”๋ฅผ ์ด๋Œ์—ˆ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์€ ๋†’์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ›„์•ผ์˜ค๋ฐฉ์ด ๊ฐœํ˜์ ์ธ ์ธ๋ฌผ์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ณต์‚ฐ๋‹น ๋‚ด๋ถ€์—์„œ์กฐ์ฐจ ๊ฐœํ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฐ๋Œ€๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์— ๊ตญํ•œ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”. ๋ฉ์ƒค์˜คํ•‘์กฐ์ฐจ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๊ฐœํ˜์—๋Š” ์ ๊ทน์ ์ด์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ •์น˜ ๊ฐœํ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„  ์„ ์„ ๊ทธ์—ˆ์ฃ .

๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ํ›„์•ผ์˜ค๋ฐฉ์ด ๊ณ„์† ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ–ˆ๋”๋ผ๋„, ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๊ฟˆ๊ฟจ๋˜ ์ •์น˜ ๊ฐœํ˜์ด ์‹คํ˜„๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์„์ง€๋Š” ๋ฏธ์ง€์ˆ˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”๊ตฐ๋‹ค๋‚˜, ์ค‘๊ตญ์ด ์ดํ›„ 40๋…„๊ฐ„ ์ •์น˜์  ๋ฏผ์ฃผํ™” ์—†์ด๋„ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๋ฐœ์ „์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๋ฉฐ ๊ตญ์ œ์  ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ํ‚ค์› ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด, ํ›„์•ผ์˜ค๋ฐฉ์˜ ์ •์น˜ ๊ฐœํ˜์ด ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฃผ์žฅ์€ ๋‹ค์†Œ ๊ฐ€์ •์ด ๋งŽ์ด ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ„ ์…ˆ์ด์—์š”.

 

โš–๏ธ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์„ฑ์žฅ๊ณผ ์ •์น˜ ๊ฐœํ˜, ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ฐ€์•ผ ํ• ๊นŒ?

๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์„ฑ์žฅ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ •์น˜ ๊ฐœํ˜์ด ์—†์œผ๋ฉด ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์ฒด์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •ํ•ด์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ˜„์‹ค์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด, ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ๊ถŒ์œ„์ฃผ์˜ ์ฒด์ œ ์•„๋ž˜์—์„œ๋„ ๊พธ์ค€ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 1980๋…„๋Œ€ ํ›„๋ฐ˜ ํ›„์•ผ์˜ค๋ฐฉ์ด ์‹ค๊ฐํ•œ ์ดํ›„์—๋„ ๊ฐœํ˜ยท๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ ์ •์ฑ…์€ ๊ณ„์†๋๊ณ , ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ์„ธ๊ณ„ 2์œ„ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๋Œ€๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ์ž๋ฆฌ ์žก์•˜์ฃ . ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ตœ๊ทผ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋‘”ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ๋ถˆ๋งŒ์ด ์ปค์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ์ •์น˜ ๊ฐœํ˜์˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋‹จ์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?

ํ›„์•ผ์˜ค๋ฐฉ์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ํ•œ โ€˜์ •์น˜ ๊ฐœํ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์„ฑ์žฅ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„โ€™๊ฐ€ ํ˜„์‹ค๋กœ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ ์ง€, ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์„œ๊ตฌ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์˜ ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ค‘๊ตญ์ด ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ๊ถŒ์œ„์ฃผ์˜ ์ฒด์ œ๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ํ™œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์„์ง€๋Š” ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ง€์ผœ๋ด์•ผ ํ•  ๋ฌธ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

 

๐Ÿšง ํ›„์•ผ์˜ค๋ฐฉ์˜ ๋น„๊ทน, ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ผ๊นŒ ์ฒด์ œ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ผ๊นŒ?

๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋Š” ํ›„์•ผ์˜ค๋ฐฉ์ด ๋ฉ์ƒค์˜คํ•‘๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์‹ค๊ฐํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ์˜ ์ •์น˜ ๊ฐœํ˜ ๋…ธ์„ ์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๋ฌด์‚ฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ›„์•ผ์˜ค๋ฐฉ์˜ ์‹ค๊ฐ์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ๊ฐœ์ธ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋Œ€๋ฆฝ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ณต์‚ฐ๋‹น ์ฒด์ œ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์ •์น˜ ๊ฐœํ˜์ด ์šฉ์ธ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ์ธ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์—ˆ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ํฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ํ›„์•ผ์˜ค๋ฐฉ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐœํ˜์ ์ธ ์ง€๋„์ž๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ–ˆ๋”๋ผ๋„ ๊ฐ™์€ ์šด๋ช…์„ ๋งž์•˜์„ ํ™•๋ฅ ์ด ๋†’์•„์š”. ์ด๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ํ›„์•ผ์˜ค๋ฐฉ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ๋น„๊ทน์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ณต์‚ฐ๋‹น ์ฒด์ œ์˜ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์†์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด์—ˆ์„์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

 

๐Ÿค” ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ๊ณ ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ณธ๋‹ค๋ฉด?

๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ์ง€๋งŒ, ํ›„์•ผ์˜ค๋ฐฉ์ด ์ •๋ง ๊ฐœํ˜์„ ์ด๋Œ์–ด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์„์ง€๋Š” ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด ๊ฐˆ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜๋ฐ–์— ์—†์–ด์š”. ๊ทธ์˜ ๊ฐœํ˜ ๋…ธ์„ ๊ณผ ์‹ค๊ฐ์ด ์ค‘๊ตญ ํ˜„๋Œ€์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๊ฑด ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ ์ค‘๊ตญ์ด ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹๋Œ€๋กœ ์ •์น˜ ๊ฐœํ˜์„ ํ–ˆ์–ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋‹จ์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”? ์ ˆ๋Œ€์ ์ธ ์ •๋‹ต์ด๋ผ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š”, ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ๊ณฑ์”น์–ด๋ณผ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ผ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๐Ÿ”ฅ

 

๐Ÿ—ฃ๏ธ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ๋“ค

 

1๏ธโƒฃ ํ›„์•ผ์˜ค๋ฐฉ์ด ์ •๋ง ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ •์น˜ ๊ฐœํ˜์˜ ์—ด์‡ ์˜€์„๊นŒ?

ํ›„์•ผ์˜ค๋ฐฉ์ด ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ •์น˜ ๊ฐœํ˜์˜ ์ƒ์ง•์  ์ธ๋ฌผ์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„์† ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ–ˆ๋”๋ผ๋„ ๊ณต์‚ฐ๋‹น ์ฒด์ œ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์ธ ๋ฏผ์ฃผํ™” ๊ฐœํ˜์„ ์ด๋Œ์–ด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?

2๏ธโƒฃ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์„ฑ์žฅ๊ณผ ์ •์น˜ ๊ฐœํ˜, ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ฐ€์•ผ ํ• ๊นŒ?

์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ์ •์น˜ ๊ฐœํ˜ ์—†์ด๋„ ์„ธ๊ณ„ 2์œ„ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๋Œ€๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ์„ฑ์žฅํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ •์น˜ ๊ฐœํ˜์ด ์—†๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์„ฑ์žฅ์˜ ์ง€์† ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์—๋„ ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์˜ฌ๊นŒ์š”?

3๏ธโƒฃ ๋ฉ์ƒค์˜คํ•‘๊ณผ ํ›„์•ผ์˜ค๋ฐฉ, ๊ฐœํ˜์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์ด ์ •๋ง ๋‹ฌ๋ž์„๊นŒ?

๋ฉ์ƒค์˜คํ•‘์€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๊ฐœํ˜์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ํ›„์•ผ์˜ค๋ฐฉ์€ ์ •์น˜ ๊ฐœํ˜์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๋‘˜ ๋‹ค ๊ฐœํ˜์„ ์ง€ํ–ฅํ•œ ์ธ๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด์—ˆ์–ด์š”. ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋‘ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋๊นŒ์ง€ ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋” ๊ท ํ˜• ์žกํžŒ ๊ฐœํ˜์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ–ˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?

4๏ธโƒฃ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ณต์‚ฐ๋‹น, ์ •์น˜ ๊ฐœํ˜ ์—†์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋” ๋ฒ„ํ‹ธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ?

๊ฒฝ์ œ ์„ฑ์žฅ ๋‘”ํ™”, ๋ถ€๋™์‚ฐ ์œ„๊ธฐ, ์ Š์€ ์ธต์˜ ๋ถˆ๋งŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ ์ค‘๊ตญ์ด ์ง๋ฉดํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ๋•Œ, ์ •์น˜ ๊ฐœํ˜ ์—†์ด๋„ ์ง€๊ธˆ์˜ ๊ถŒ์œ„์ฃผ์˜ ์ฒด์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ง€์† ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ• ๊นŒ์š”?

5๏ธโƒฃ ํ›„์•ผ์˜ค๋ฐฉ์˜ ๊ฐœํ˜ ๊ตฌ์ƒ์ด ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์ค‘๊ตญ์— ์ ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ?

๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ •์น˜ ๊ฐœํ˜๊ณผ ๋ฏผ์ฃผํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ธˆ์˜ ์ค‘๊ตญ์—์„œ๋„ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์œ ํšจํ•œ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ผ๊นŒ์š”, ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์‹œ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ „ํ˜€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ๊ฐœํ˜์ด ํ•„์š”ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?

 

๐Ÿ˜Š ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ฝ์œผ๋ฉด ์ข‹๊ฒ ๋‹ค!

 

  • "A Vivid Representative of the New Thinking in China after the Death of Maoโ€: Aleksandar Novaฤiฤ‡ Recalls a Meeting With Hu Yaobang (Wilson Center, Aug 14, 2024)
    • ์„ธ๋ฅด๋น„์•„ ๊ธฐ์ž ์•Œ๋ ‰์‚ฐ๋‹ค๋ฅด ๋…ธ๋ฐ”์น˜์น˜๋Š” 1980๋…„ ํ›„์•ผ์˜ค๋ฐฉ ๋‹น์‹œ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ณต์‚ฐ๋‹น ์ด์„œ๊ธฐ์™€์˜ ๋งŒ๋‚จ์„ ํšŒ๊ณ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๋‚œํ•˜์ด์—์„œ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ์ด ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ๋Š” ์™ธ๊ตญ ์–ธ๋ก ์ธ๊ณผ์˜ ๋ณด๊ธฐ ๋“œ๋ฌธ ๋งŒ๋‚จ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ . ํ›„์•ผ์˜ค๋ฐฉ์€ ๋ฌธํ™”๋Œ€ํ˜๋ช… ๋™์•ˆ 3๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋ช…์ด ๋ชฉ์ˆจ์„ ์žƒ๊ณ  1์–ต ๋ช…์ด ํƒ„์••๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜”์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฉ์ƒค์˜คํ•‘์˜ ์ •์น˜์  ์ƒ์กด ์ „๋žต๊ณผ ํ™”๊ถˆํŽ‘์˜ ํ‡ด์ง„ ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ณต์‚ฐ๋‹น์˜ ๊ฐœํ˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ–ˆ์ฃ .
    • ๊ทธ๋Š” ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ”ผํ•ด ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์†”์งํ•œ ํƒœ๋„๋กœ ๊ฐœํ˜์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋ƒˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋†์ดŒ ๊ฐœํ˜๊ณผ ๋‹น ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฐœํ˜ ์„ฑํ–ฅ์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๊ทธ์˜ ์‹ค๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์กŒ๊ณ , ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ 1989๋…„ ํ†ˆ์•ˆ๋จผ ์‚ฌํƒœ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
    • ํ›„์•ผ์˜ค๋ฐฉ์ด ๋๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฐ€์–ด๋ถ™์˜€๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ค‘๊ตญ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธธ์„ ๊ฑธ์—ˆ์„๊นŒ์š”? ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ฒด์ œ์˜ ๋ฒฝ์„ ๋„˜์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ์„๊นŒ์š”? ๐Ÿค”

 

๐Ÿ’ญ ํŽธ์ง‘์ž์˜ ํ•œ๋งˆ๋””

๊ฐœํ˜๊ณผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์€ ์ค‘๊ตญ์„ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๊ฐ•๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
ํ›„์•ผ์˜ค๋ฐฉ์ด ์ œ์‹œํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ •์น˜ ๊ฐœํ˜์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋ฏธ์™„์˜ ์ƒํƒœ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ๊ทธ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด๊ฒŒ ๋ ๊นŒ์š”?
์•ž์œผ๋กœ์˜ ๊ธธ์€ ์–ด๋””๋กœ ํ–ฅํ• ๊นŒ์š”?

 

์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ›„์•ผ์˜ค๋ฐฉ์˜ ๊ฐœํ˜ ๋…ธ์„ ๊ณผ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์ •์น˜ ๊ฐœํ˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ Foreign Affairs 2025 Jan/Febํ˜ธ์˜ The Man Who Almost Changed China ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

 

๋‹ค์Œํ™” ์˜ˆ๊ณ 

๐Ÿƒโ€โ™‚๏ธ ์ด๋ฏผ์€ ๊ณจ์นซ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ? ์•Œ๊ณ  ๋ณด๋ฉด ๋‹ค ๊ฐ™์ด ์ž˜ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ฒ• ์žˆ๋‹ค!

์ฒจ๋ถ€ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€

๐Ÿ“– ๋ง‰์„ ์ˆ˜๋„, ์—†์•จ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์—†๋‹ค! ์ด๋ฏผ, ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ƒ ํ•ด๋ฒ•์ด๋ƒ? ๐ŸŒ๐Ÿš€

๊ตญ๊ฒฝ์„ ๊ฑธ์–ด ์ž ๊ธ€ ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€, ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ธธ์„ ์—ด ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€? ์„ ํƒ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์˜ค๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค! โณ๐Ÿ”‘

 

3์›” ๋‘˜์งธ์ฃผ ํ™”์š”์ผ ๋ฆฌํฌํŠธ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

ํ›‘์–ด๋ณด๋Š” ๊ตญ์ œ์ •์„ธ๋Š” ๋ฉˆ์ถ”์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด ๋” ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์–ธ์ œ๋“ ์ง€ ์ €์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์•Œ๋ ค์ฃผ์„ธ์š”!

๋‹ค๊ฐ€์˜ฌ ๋‰ด์Šค๋ ˆํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ถ๊ธˆํ•˜์‹ ๊ฐ€์š”?

์ง€๊ธˆ ๊ตฌ๋…ํ•ด์„œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ ˆํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„๋ณด์„ธ์š”

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